The Complete Guide to Landscape Design, Renovation, and Maintenance
by Cass Turnbull

HOW TO PRUNE A TREE LIMB

Trees don't heal, they rot. Trees do not heal; they set up barriers to rot and then they try to outgrow it.
Don't cut too far out, don't cut too close, cut just into the branch collar. Cut just right.
Follow the branch collar or use geometry. The angle of the branch collar varies. If you can't find the collar buldge, you will have to use geometry to figure out where to cut. Start by locating the branch-bark ridge, and make equal angles with regards to the trunk.

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